Tunnel Condition Monitoring

A way out of manual inspection

Modern transport infrastructure would be inconceivable without tunnels. In Germany, there are well over a thousand road, rail and underground tunnels requiring regular maintenance. Many of these tunnels have been in operation for decades, so regular maintenance and repair are becoming increasingly important in order to avoid safety risks and consequential damage. Today, tunnel inspections are largely performed manually in a slow, costly and unobjective process, while the degree of digitization is low. Tunnel inspections are lengthy, expensive and do not provide any objective condition data.

In the near future, however, Building Information Modeling (BIM) will also become the standard in tunneling requiring complete digitalization of the building information. 

Optical measuring systems for tunnel inspection

Fraunhofer IPM develops technical measurement solutions for a cost- and time-efficient inspection process. Our Mobile Precise Scanner (MPS) and Clearance Profile Scanner (CPS) provide absolutely referenced, high-resolution data on the 3D geometry and surface structure of tunnels.

The MPS, our latest development, enables full 360° scanning of tunnel structures for the first time, thanks to an innovative light-deflection unit. The MPS profile scanner can generate up to 3 million measurement points per second and scans at a frequency ranging from 10 to 300 Hz with a distance resolution of 1 mm. This way, the scanner produces a high profile density even at high travel speeds, meaning that  measurements can be taken during regular operation without the need to block the structure. The compact and flexible system design also allows the measuring system to be used on a wide variety of mobile platforms such as pigs, trains or road vehicles.

To measure wall moisture in tunnels, the CPS profile scanner can be upgraded to include a second laser wavelength (CPS-Plus). The CPS-Plus determines the surface moisture content at each measurement point based on the difference between the two laser signals in a single measurement process.

© Fraunhofer IPM
The CPS-Plus measuring system provides BIM-compliant data for monitoring the condition of tunnels. This includes geometric data, data on surface structure and moisture.
Tunnelinspektion: Optischer Hammerschlagtest
© Fraunhofer IPM
Damage to tunnel walls is sometimes hidden beneath the surface. Laser-induced structural noise can be used to automatically detect these defects. This method is more precise than the current hammer-tapping method.

Optical hammer impact test for detecting surface damage and delaminations 

For tunnel inspection, we are working on a laser-based method for delamination testing on tunnel walls, which is intended to replace the state-of-the-art hammer impact test. The hammer test involves manually tapping the tunnel wall with a hammer to provoke resonance vibrations which hint at detect hidden defects, such as delamination. In the future, a pulsed laser will be used to do this: The laser creates plasma in the air right above the object’s surface without damaging it, which will excite characteristic resonance vibrations on the surface – similarly to a hammer – if delaminations, cavities or defects are present underneath the surface. The mechanical vibration of the concrete surface is measured directly via the frequency shift of the backscattered light using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). The amplitudes and frequencies of the vibrations provide information about the size and depth of the cavities and defects. During test measurements in the laboratory, the laser-based method was able to detect defects up to a few centimetres in size that could not be detected using the classic hammer impact test. Initial test measurements under real conditions in various tunnels also delivered promising results.



 

Whitepaper

Optical Measurement Systems for Monitoring Railway Infrastructure

by Kira Zschiesche and Alexander Reiterer

 

Press release / 24.1.2024

Optical hammer impact test

Laser replaces hammer: a new method for testing the structural integrity of buildings